Tuesday, 15 November 2016
Economic roles of Advertising
Economic roles of Advertising
Value of Products:
The advertised products are not always the best products in the market. There are some unadvertised products also present which are good enough. But advertising helps increase value for the products by showing the positive image of the product which in turn helps convincing customers to buy it. Advertising educates consumers about the uses of the products hence increasing its value in minds of the consumers. For e.g. mobile phones were first considered as necessity but nowadays the cell phones come with number of features which makes them mode of convenience for consumers.
Effect on Prices:
Some advertised products do cost more than unadvertised products but the vice versa is also true. But if there is more competition in the market for those products, the prices have to come down, for e.g., canned juices from various brands. Thus some professional like chartered accountants and doctors are not allowed to advertise.
But some products do not advertise much, and they don’t need much of it and even their prices are high but they are still the leaders in market as they have their brand name. e.g., Porsche cars
Effect on consumer demand and choices:
Even if the product is heavily advertised, it does not mean that the demand or say consumption rates will also increase. The product has to be different with better quality, and more variety than others. For E.g., Kellogg’s cornflakes have variety of flavors with different ranges to offer for different age groups and now also for people who want to loose weight thus giving consumers different choices to select from.
Effect on business cycle:
Advertising no doubt helps in employing more number of people. It increases the pay rolls of people working in this field. It helps collecting more revenues for sellers which they use for betterment of product and services. But there are some bad effects of advertisements on business cycle also. Sometimes, consumer may find the foreign product better than going for the national brand. This will definitely effect the production which may in turn affect the GDP of the country.
The economic aspects are supported by the Abundance Principle which says producing more products and services than the consumption rate which helps firstly keeping consumers informed about the options they have and secondly helps sellers for playing in healthy and competitive atmosphere with their self interest.
Social role of Advertising:
There are some positive and some negative aspects of advertising on the social ground. They are as follows.
Deception in Advertising:
The relation between the buyers and sellers is maintained if the buyers are satisfied with what they saw in advertise and what they got after buying that product. If seller shows a false or deceptive image and an exaggerated image of the product in the advertisement, then the relation between the seller and buyers can’t be healthy. These problems can be overcome if the seller keep their ads clean and displays right image of the product.
The Subliminal Advertising:
Capturing the Minds of the consumers is the main intention of these ads. The ads are made in such a way that the consumers don’t even realizes that the ad has made an impact on their minds and this results in buying the product which they don’t even need. But “All ads don’t impress all consumers at all times”, because majority of consumers buy products on basis of the price and needs.
Effect on Our Value System:
The advertisers use puffing tactics, endorsements from celebrities, and play emotionally, which makes ads so powerful that the consumers like helpless preys buy those products.
These ads make poor people buy products which they can’t afford, people picking up bad habits like smoking and drinking, and buy products just because their favorite actor endorsed that product. This affects in increased the cost of whole society and loss of values of our own selves.
Offensiveness:
Some ads are so offensive that they are not acceptable by the buyers. For example, the ads of denim jeans showed girls wearing very less clothes and making a sex appeal. These kinds of ads are irrelevant to the actual product. Btu then there is some ads which are educative also and now accepted by people. Earlier ads giving information about birth control pills was considered offensive but now the same ads are considered educative and important.
Advertising is praised but also criticized by critics in their own ways. Advertising has many positive impacts along with its negative pictures. As the President of American Association of Advertising Agencies, John O’ Toole has described advertise is something else. It is not related to studies, but it educates. It is not a journalist but gives all information. And it is not an entertaining device but entertains everyone.
Now let’s go through the economic and social aspects of advertising.
Economic role of Advertising
Value of Products:
The advertised products are not always the best products in the market. There are some unadvertised products also present which are good enough. But advertising helps increase value for the products by showing the positive image of the product which in turn helps convincing customers to buy it. Advertising educates consumers about the uses of the products hence increasing its value in minds of the consumers. For e.g. mobile phones were first considered as necessity but nowadays the cell phones come with number of features which makes them mode of convenience for consumers.
Effect on Prices:
Some advertised products do cost more than unadvertised products but the vice versa is also true. But if there is more competition in the market for those products, the prices have to come down, for e.g., canned juices from various brands. Thus some professional like chartered accountants and doctors are not allowed to advertise.
But some products do not advertise much, and they don’t need much of it and even their prices are high but they are still the leaders in market as they have their brand name. e.g., Porsche cars
Effect on consumer demand and choices:
Even if the product is heavily advertised, it does not mean that the demand or say consumption rates will also increase. The product has to be different with better quality, and more variety than others. For E.g., Kellogg’s cornflakes have variety of flavors with different ranges to offer for different age groups and now also for people who want to loose weight thus giving consumers different choices to select from.
Effect on business cycle:
Advertising no doubt helps in employing more number of people. It increases the pay rolls of people working in this field. It helps collecting more revenues for sellers which they use for betterment of product and services. But there are some bad effects of advertisements on business cycle also. Sometimes, consumer may find the foreign product better than going for the national brand. This will definitely effect the production which may in turn affect the GDP of the country.
The economic aspects are supported by the Abundance Principle which says producing more products and services than the consumption rate which helps firstly keeping consumers informed about the options they have and secondly helps sellers for playing in healthy and competitive atmosphere with their self interest.
Social role of Advertising:
There are some positive and some negative aspects of advertising on the social ground. They are as follows.
Deception in Advertising:
The relation between the buyers and sellers is maintained if the buyers are satisfied with what they saw in advertise and what they got after buying that product. If seller shows a false or deceptive image and an exaggerated image of the product in the advertisement, then the relation between the seller and buyers can’t be healthy. These problems can be overcome if the seller keep their ads clean and displays right image of the product.
The Subliminal Advertising:
Capturing the Minds of the consumers is the main intention of these ads. The ads are made in such a way that the consumers don’t even realizes that the ad has made an impact on their minds and this results in buying the product which they don’t even need. But “All ads don’t impress all consumers at all times”, because majority of consumers buy products on basis of the price and needs.
Effect on Our Value System:
The advertisers use puffing tactics, endorsements from celebrities, and play emotionally, which makes ads so powerful that the consumers like helpless preys buy those products.
These ads make poor people buy products which they can’t afford, people picking up bad habits like smoking and drinking, and buy products just because their favorite actor endorsed that product. This affects in increased the cost of whole society and loss of values of our own selves.
Offensiveness:
Some ads are so offensive that they are not acceptable by the buyers. For example, the ads of denim jeans showed girls wearing very less clothes and making a sex appeal. These kinds of ads are irrelevant to the actual product. Btu then there is some ads which are educative also and now accepted by people. Earlier ads giving information about birth control pills was considered offensive but now the same ads are considered educative and important.
ETHICS OF PHOTOJOURNALISM
ETHICS OF PHOTOJOURNALISM
ETHICS THAT JOURNALISTS SHOULD ADHERE TO WHEN TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS IN A SCENE OF AN ACCIDENTS.
1: Information on the ground is obtained as soon as possible. This means that we try and get information from an available Person at the scene.
2: Once a crew is available to provide information, they should start the process and realize it immediately.
3: Verifying information is extremely important to Journalist at the scene. They should obtain information from various sources to ensure factual is realized as possible.
4: Journalists should report there earlier as possible to take information.
5: Journalists should do the paramedics at the scene ie share their ideas of what happened to a central Media or Communications Persons.
6: Journalists should do any personal receive Media. They should be able to gather much information among themselves at such scene.
7: Journalists should share the news that they have gathered there to as communications Persons.
8: Journalists should not share Vehicles registration Number involved in an accident with the People they got at the scene but allowed to remove that registration number, paint the face of a person involved in an accident before taking photos.
9: Journalists should make a greater attempt to make or take Photos about the accident and not the victims.
10: It is important for Journalists at the scene to keep the focus on the safety and well-being of the Persons involved in the accident {Patients}.
11: Journalists at the scene should not report bad statements and also fake images at that scene.
12: Journalists should create sanitization to those who had not involved in that accident and those involved mannerly.
13: Journalists should treat the victims with a lot of respect and their Family Members. All private of the victims should not be revealed.
Accuracy and standards for factual reporting
- Reporters are expected to be as accurate as possible given the time allotted to story preparation and the space available, and to seek reliable sources.
- Events with a single eyewitness are reported with attribution. Events with two or more independent eyewitnesses may be reported as fact. Controversial facts are reported with attribution.
- Independent fact-checking by another employee of the publisher is desirable
- Corrections are published when errors are discovered
- Defendants at trial are treated only as having "allegedly" committed crimes, until conviction, when their crimes are generally reported as fact (unless, that is, there is serious controversy about wrongful conviction).
- Opinion surveys and statistical information deserve special treatment to communicate in precise terms any conclusions, to contextualize the results, and to specify accuracy, including estimated error and methodological criticism or flaws.
Seek Truth and Report It
Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information.
Journalists should:
Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information.
Journalists should:
- — Test the accuracy of information from all sources and exercise care to avoid inadvertent error. Deliberate distortion is never permissible.
— Diligently seek out subjects of news stories to give them the opportunity to respond to allegations of wrongdoing.
— Identify sources whenever feasible. The public is entitled to as much information as possible on sources' reliability.
— Always question sources’ motives before promising anonymity. Clarify conditions attached to any promise made in exchange for information. Keep promises.
— Make certain that headlines, news teases and promotional material, photos, video, audio, graphics, sound bites and quotations do not misrepresent. They should not oversimplify or highlight incidents out of context.
— Never distort the content of news photos or video. Image enhancement for technical clarity is always permissible. Label montages and photo illustrations.
— Avoid misleading re-enactments or staged news events. If re-enactment is necessary to tell a story, label it.
— Avoid undercover or other surreptitious methods of gathering information except when traditional open methods will not yield information vital to the public. Use of such methods should be explained as part of the story
— never plagiarize.
— tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience boldly, even when it is unpopular to do so.
— Examine their own cultural values and avoid imposing those values on others.
— Avoid stereotyping by race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, geography, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance or social status.
— Support the open exchange of views, even views they find repugnant.
— Give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficial sources of information can be equally valid.
— distinguish between advocacy and news reporting. Analysis and commentary should be labeled and not misrepresent fact or context.
— Distinguish news from advertising and shun hybrids that blur the lines between the two.
— Recognize a special obligation to ensure that the public's business is conducted in the open and that government records are open to inspection.
Minimize Harm
Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect.
Journalists should:
Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect.
Journalists should:
- — Show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects.
— Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief.
— Recognize that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance.
— Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone’s privacy.
— Show good taste. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity.
— Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes.
— Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges.
— Balance a criminal suspect’s fair trial rights with the public’s right to be informed.
Act of Independently
Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the public's right to know.
Journalists should:
Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the public's right to know.
Journalists should:
- —Avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived.
— Remain free of associations and activities that may compromise integrity or damage credibility.
— Refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel and special treatment, and shun secondary employment, political involvement, public office and service in community organizations if they compromise journalistic integrity.
— Disclose unavoidable conflicts.
— Be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable.
— Deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence news coverage.
— Be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; avoid bidding for news.
Be Accountable
Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers and each other.
Journalists should:
Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers and each other.
Journalists should:
- — Clarify and explain news coverage and invite dialogue with the public over journalistic conduct.
— Encourage the public to voice grievances against the news media.
— Admit mistakes and correct them promptly.
— Expose unethical practices of journalists and the news media.
— Abide by the same high standards to which they hold others.
For above support and reference from the authors book which are; oxford Butterworht - Huinemann 1995
Bemont Wadsmorth/Thormas learning 2001 Journalism College
Photojournalism
Photojournalism
1.
Introduction
Photography
is the process of recording visual images by capturing light rays on a
light-sensitive recording medium (e.g. film or digital CCD). It can be thought
of as two pursuits: there are two types of photography.
- Technical: The science of setting up the camera and the recording medium to take images in a controlled way.
- Creative: The art of composing good images to capture.
Photojournalism is a particular
form of journalism (the collecting,
editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that
employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to
refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video
used in broadcast journalism.
Assignment a
task or piece of work allocated to someone as part of a job or course of study.
a. Dramatic angles. Shoot a film or so of people or scenes around campus from unusual angles. You might shoot down from the top of a stair. Or shoot up lying on your back. Or shoot someone framed by something else. Or really close in on something. Or shoot a seldom-seen view of something. Use your creativity, as long as: 1) it’s not the common viewpoint; 2) at least half your photos have people in them. Prepare for critique at least two unusual angles. I suppose I don’t need to tell you not to try anything dumb like lying on the railroad tracks or shooting down the campus smokestack? Hey, it’s been done.
b. Meeting folks. Shoot a film or so of people doing things on campus, preferably outside, but in well-lit buildings (window light recommended) if it’s too cold. Take candid (unposed) pictures of people you do not know. After taking their picture, approach at least two or three of these subjects. Explain that you are doing a class photojournalism assignment, and ask for their names, including proper spelling. Right down names on a notepad, numbered in sequence so you can later match your names to photos (you may wish to also describe surroundings to help you later match the name to the image). Prepare for critique at least two which you believe best show life on campus, and include cutline with indents.
Light fantastic. Photos relying on several common qualities of light. Include at least three different examples from these options:
- strong natural light, dramatic shadows and highlights. May be sunlight, strong window light.
- flash on camera, pointed directly at subject. If you don’t have a flash, try setting up a potlight or lamp.
- flash off camera, bounced off a ceiling or wall. If your flash won’t bounce, try a white hankie or Kleenex to diffuse the light.
- diffused light, cloudy day, classroom, filtered through window.
- colored light: incandescent, fluorescent, candle. NO FLASH--turn off flash, if automatic.
Include people in at
least half your photos. Prepare at least three examples; include written
cutlines describing the light.
2. Pictures Story Assignment
Compose yourself. Identify elements of photo composition, and compose them in a way you believe produces a more dynamic photograph. Try to emphasize a single element you think dominates more than any other. Shoot a few frames you know to be considered “composition mistakes,” to compare differences. At least half your photos must include people. Prepare at least four examples, including cutlines describing the compositional element emphasized, or the “compositional mistake.”
2. Pictures Story Assignment
Compose yourself. Identify elements of photo composition, and compose them in a way you believe produces a more dynamic photograph. Try to emphasize a single element you think dominates more than any other. Shoot a few frames you know to be considered “composition mistakes,” to compare differences. At least half your photos must include people. Prepare at least four examples, including cutlines describing the compositional element emphasized, or the “compositional mistake.”
Requirements: from now on we will
abide by minimum professional expectations in photojournalism:
- Photos each carefully adjusted in Photoshop for cropping, levels/curves, color correction, sharpness, and whatever else might be necessary. Grades will suffer if it's clear you didn't run your photos through this process.
- Complete cutlines, written as noted in a class lecture. If people are easily identifiable, they must be identified with both first and last names. If I catch you making up a name, zero for the assignment! (People have tried this, believe me. It's called "lying.")
- Number of images specified (no more than number required, please), saved as jpgs, and attached to email. Write your cutlines in the email message.
3.
Features Assignments
Special topic, news and features. Choose a newsy event to cover: a speech, a press conference, a meeting, a protest, a concert, bad weather, an accident, etc. Shoot at least 20-30 pictures, trying to emphasize unusual angles, getting in close, interesting lighting, etc. Photos must contain people, and include idents, unless people are part of crowds or too far away for easy identification. Submit at least three photos with photojournalism-style cutlines for critique.
Note: Try to avoid unattractive flash on camera. Try bouncing flash using cardboard, the walls, or the ceiling. Or natural lighting, of course.
Special topic, news and features. Choose a newsy event to cover: a speech, a press conference, a meeting, a protest, a concert, bad weather, an accident, etc. Shoot at least 20-30 pictures, trying to emphasize unusual angles, getting in close, interesting lighting, etc. Photos must contain people, and include idents, unless people are part of crowds or too far away for easy identification. Submit at least three photos with photojournalism-style cutlines for critique.
Note: Try to avoid unattractive flash on camera. Try bouncing flash using cardboard, the walls, or the ceiling. Or natural lighting, of course.
Note: If you must use
flash, soften the effect using the Photoshop technique from Lesson Two. Don't
forget to go through Photoshop to crop, adjust for exposure, adjust to correct
color, sharpen, and improve whatever else you think necessary. Don't hand in
photos directly from the camera!
Travel
photography. Take an opportunity over spring break to offer a “sense of place”
through a photo story. Prepare at least four photos, including:
- One long or medium photo to establish the scene.
- One photo of a significant detail.
- One informal portrait of a person doing something.
- Other photo you think helps tell the story, emphasizing people.
All photos must include
cutlines, although you don’t have to get idents for this travel feature. Also
include a paragraph or two of copy describing the place in journalism style. By
the way, snaps of your friends at the beach or in the bar don’t constitute a
“sense of place” for this assignment. If you’re not going anywhere, use your
home town or even Fargo as a travel project.
4. Portraits Assignment
personality portraits. Shoot at least 20-30 pictures emphasizing personality portraits: people doing things that help to tell a story of their character. You may rely on friends or relatives as subjects, but they CANNOT 1) just stand or sit there looking directly into the camera (formal mugshot); 2) be talking on the telephone, sitting at an office desk, shaking someone’s hand, typing at a computer or reading a book, unless you can find a radically new and different approach. Submit at least three photos; all photos must be of people, no more than one, two or three together, with full idents and standard cutlines. Avoid lighting with flash on camera. Try bounce flash, or preferably, natural lighting, looking for direction of light that resembles styles we discussed in class, such as "Rembrandt," "butterfly," back-lighting, or even texture (side) lighting for an interesting craggy cowboy look.
5. Sports Assignment
In sports assignments, Choose any sport you like, and shoot at least 20-30 pictures of dynamic action shots emphasizing the excitement of the sport. Recommended are daytime outdoor sports, as these offer most forgiving light needed to stop fast action. Try to get as close as you can to the action; some sports are difficult to photograph without telephoto lenses. Parlor games (a chess tournament, for instance) probably don’t count for this assignment, but if you can convince me with great photos, okay. Indoor sports action photos may be taken with flash on camera, although I discourage it. Try higher ISO and available light instead.
4. Portraits Assignment
personality portraits. Shoot at least 20-30 pictures emphasizing personality portraits: people doing things that help to tell a story of their character. You may rely on friends or relatives as subjects, but they CANNOT 1) just stand or sit there looking directly into the camera (formal mugshot); 2) be talking on the telephone, sitting at an office desk, shaking someone’s hand, typing at a computer or reading a book, unless you can find a radically new and different approach. Submit at least three photos; all photos must be of people, no more than one, two or three together, with full idents and standard cutlines. Avoid lighting with flash on camera. Try bounce flash, or preferably, natural lighting, looking for direction of light that resembles styles we discussed in class, such as "Rembrandt," "butterfly," back-lighting, or even texture (side) lighting for an interesting craggy cowboy look.
5. Sports Assignment
In sports assignments, Choose any sport you like, and shoot at least 20-30 pictures of dynamic action shots emphasizing the excitement of the sport. Recommended are daytime outdoor sports, as these offer most forgiving light needed to stop fast action. Try to get as close as you can to the action; some sports are difficult to photograph without telephoto lenses. Parlor games (a chess tournament, for instance) probably don’t count for this assignment, but if you can convince me with great photos, okay. Indoor sports action photos may be taken with flash on camera, although I discourage it. Try higher ISO and available light instead.
Journalistic
ethics that associates with above assignment
Accuracy and standards for factual reporting
·
Reporters
are expected to be as accurate as possible given the time allotted to story
preparation and the space available, and to seek reliable sources.
·
Events
with a single eyewitness are reported with attribution. Events with two or more
independent eyewitnesses may be reported as fact. Controversial facts are
reported with attribution.
·
Independent
fact-checking by another employee of the publisher is desirable
·
Corrections
are published when errors are discovered
·
Defendants
at trial are treated only as having "allegedly" committed crimes,
until conviction, when their crimes are generally reported as fact (unless,
that is, there is serious controversy about wrongful
conviction).
·
Opinion
surveys and statistical information deserve special treatment to communicate in
precise terms any conclusions, to contextualize the results, and to specify
accuracy, including estimated error and methodological criticism or flaws.
Seek Truth and Report It
Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information.
Journalists should:
Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information.
Journalists should:
·
— Test the accuracy of information from all
sources and exercise care to avoid inadvertent error. Deliberate distortion is
never permissible.
— Diligently seek out subjects of news stories to give them the opportunity to respond to allegations of wrongdoing.
— identify sources whenever feasible. The public is entitled to as much information as possible on sources' reliability.
— Always question sources’ motives before promising anonymity. Clarify conditions attached to any promise made in exchange for information. Keep promises.
— Make certain that headlines, news teases and promotional material, photos, video, audio, graphics, sound bites and quotations do not misrepresent. They should not oversimplify or highlight incidents out of context.
— Never distort the content of news photos or video. Image enhancement for technical clarity is always permissible. Label montages and photo illustrations.
— Avoid misleading re-enactments or staged news events. If re-enactment is necessary to tell a story, label it.
— Avoid undercover or other surreptitious methods of gathering information except when traditional open methods will not yield information vital to the public. Use of such methods should be explained as part of the story
— never plagiarize.
— tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience boldly, even when it is unpopular to do so.
— Examine their own cultural values and avoid imposing those values on others.
— Avoid stereotyping by race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, geography, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance or social status.
— Support the open exchange of views, even views they find repugnant.
— Give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficial sources of information can be equally valid.
— distinguish between advocacy and news reporting. Analysis and commentary should be labeled and not misrepresent fact or context.
— Distinguish news from advertising and shun hybrids that blur the lines between the two.
— Recognize a special obligation to ensure that the public's business is conducted in the open and that government records are open to inspection.
— Diligently seek out subjects of news stories to give them the opportunity to respond to allegations of wrongdoing.
— identify sources whenever feasible. The public is entitled to as much information as possible on sources' reliability.
— Always question sources’ motives before promising anonymity. Clarify conditions attached to any promise made in exchange for information. Keep promises.
— Make certain that headlines, news teases and promotional material, photos, video, audio, graphics, sound bites and quotations do not misrepresent. They should not oversimplify or highlight incidents out of context.
— Never distort the content of news photos or video. Image enhancement for technical clarity is always permissible. Label montages and photo illustrations.
— Avoid misleading re-enactments or staged news events. If re-enactment is necessary to tell a story, label it.
— Avoid undercover or other surreptitious methods of gathering information except when traditional open methods will not yield information vital to the public. Use of such methods should be explained as part of the story
— never plagiarize.
— tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience boldly, even when it is unpopular to do so.
— Examine their own cultural values and avoid imposing those values on others.
— Avoid stereotyping by race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, geography, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance or social status.
— Support the open exchange of views, even views they find repugnant.
— Give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficial sources of information can be equally valid.
— distinguish between advocacy and news reporting. Analysis and commentary should be labeled and not misrepresent fact or context.
— Distinguish news from advertising and shun hybrids that blur the lines between the two.
— Recognize a special obligation to ensure that the public's business is conducted in the open and that government records are open to inspection.
Minimize Harm
Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect.
Journalists should:
Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect.
Journalists should:
·
— Show compassion for those who may be
affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with
children and inexperienced sources or subjects.
— Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief.
— Recognize that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance.
— Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone’s privacy.
— Show good taste. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity.
— Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes.
— Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges.
— Balance a criminal suspect’s fair trial rights with the public’s right to be informed.
— Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief.
— Recognize that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance.
— Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone’s privacy.
— Show good taste. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity.
— Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes.
— Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges.
— Balance a criminal suspect’s fair trial rights with the public’s right to be informed.
Act of
Independently
Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the public's right to know.
Journalists should:
Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the public's right to know.
Journalists should:
·
—Avoid conflicts of interest, real or
perceived.
— Remain free of associations and activities that may compromise integrity or damage credibility.
— Refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel and special treatment, and shun secondary employment, political involvement, public office and service in community organizations if they compromise journalistic integrity.
— Disclose unavoidable conflicts.
— Be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable.
— Deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence news coverage.
— Be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; avoid bidding for news.
— Remain free of associations and activities that may compromise integrity or damage credibility.
— Refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel and special treatment, and shun secondary employment, political involvement, public office and service in community organizations if they compromise journalistic integrity.
— Disclose unavoidable conflicts.
— Be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable.
— Deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence news coverage.
— Be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; avoid bidding for news.
Be Accountable
Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers and each other.
Journalists should:
Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers and each other.
Journalists should:
·
— Clarify and explain news coverage and
invite dialogue with the public over journalistic conduct.
— Encourage the public to voice grievances against the news media.
— Admit mistakes and correct them promptly.
— Expose unethical practices of journalists and the news media.
— Abide by the same high standards to which they hold others.
— Encourage the public to voice grievances against the news media.
— Admit mistakes and correct them promptly.
— Expose unethical practices of journalists and the news media.
— Abide by the same high standards to which they hold others.
For
above support and reference from the authors book which are;
REFERENCE
oxford
Butterworth - Heinemann 1995
Bemont Wadsmorth/Thormas learning 2001
Journalism College
BAGDIKIAN,BEN, The
Media Monopoly, 4th ed. Boston:
Beacon Press, 1992.
FALUDI,SUSAN, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against
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